{ "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.", "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license", "version": "0.0.12-neon", "filter": null, "limit": 50, "offset": 0, "count": 33, "total": 33, "next_offset": null, "analyses": [ { "id": "f6d9f4de-8978-4a3f-8137-a149faa4ba17", "specimen_id": "chagyrskaya-8", "publication_id": "10.1073/pnas.2004944117", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "High-coverage Neanderthal genome. Female. More related to western-Eurasian Neanderthals (Vindija 33.19, Mezmaiskaya 2) than to earlier Denisova Cave Neanderthal (Denisova 5), despite geographic proximity (~100 km). Population-size inference: Siberian Neanderthals lived in isolated subpopulations of <60 individuals. Striatal gene enrichment for amino-acid-changing substitutions unique to Neanderthals.", "result_summary_source_quote": "she was more related to Neandertals in western Eurasia [Prüfer et al., Science 358, 655–658 (2017); Hajdinjak et al., Nature 555, 652–656 (2018)] than to Neandertals who lived earlier in Denisova Cave [Prüfer et al., Nature 505, 43–49 (2014)], which is located about 100 km away.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "f01f327c-1128-43bf-8ad6-e95ef3687a69", "specimen_id": "denisova-11", "publication_id": "10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Meyer/Pääbo group — verify)", "analysis_date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "F1 hybrid identification: Neanderthal mother + Denisovan father. Genome coverage not stated in abstract; needs Methods section extraction.", "result_summary_source_quote": "Here we present the genome of 'Denisova 11'... and show that it comes from an individual who had a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father.", "result_data_link": "(extract from paper's Data Availability statement — likely ENA)", "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "3f80131a-e392-4756-a69c-3f3405c35e89", "specimen_id": "denisova-11", "publication_id": "10.1038/srep23559", "method": "paleoproteomics", "dating_method": null, "lab": "University of Oxford (Higham/Douka group) / University of Manchester (Buckley group)", "analysis_date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "ZooMS applied at scale (2000+ bones) — screened non-diagnostic bone fragments and identified a single hominin bone (Denisova 11). Established ZooMS as the standard method for hominin-bone discovery in highly fragmentary Palaeolithic assemblages.", "result_summary_source_quote": "we have applied a method of collagen fingerprinting to more than 2000 fragmented bones from the site of Denisova Cave, Russia, in order to facilitate the discovery of human remains. As a result of our analysis a single hominin bone (Denisova 11) was identified", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "f0182da2-a98d-4adf-827e-1eb9e9efba05", "specimen_id": "denisova-11", "publication_id": "10.1038/srep23559", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Denisova 11 mtDNA identified as Neanderthal-type. This assignment was based only on the maternal lineage; genomic reanalysis in Slon 2018 revealed paternal Denisovan ancestry.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "61112b82-7bc9-401f-80c5-22736f3ee404", "specimen_id": "denisova-2", "publication_id": "10.1126/sciadv.1700186", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "mtDNA identified as Denisovan; number of \"missing substitutions\" indicates Denisova 2 is substantially older than Denisova 3, Denisova 4, and Denisova 8.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": "Editorial pass 2026-07-26: method identified as aDNA-mitochondrial per T1.12 result_summary discussion of \"missing substitutions in the mitochondrial DNA\".", "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "d27ddffa-549a-444e-a506-6e62c1778a01", "specimen_id": "denisova-2", "publication_id": "10.1126/sciadv.1700186", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Nuclear-DNA-based confirmation of Denisovan assignment. Comparison of Denisovan nuclear DNA sequence diversity across Denisova 2, 3, 4, 8 shows diversity within lower range of present-day human populations.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "a1f523e2-3ea2-4208-8c09-c10ec2ae3dcd", "specimen_id": "denisova-2", "publication_id": "10.1126/sciadv.1700186", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "mtDNA identified as Denisovan; number of \"missing substitutions\" indicates Denisova 2 is substantially older than Denisova 3, Denisova 4, and Denisova 8.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "cac595dc-2936-44fd-b894-13f882150ab4", "specimen_id": "denisova-3", "publication_id": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "Aboriginal Australians, Near Oceanians, Polynesians, Fijians, east Indonesians, and Mamanwa (a \\", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:00:21.109Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "8e074782-eb9e-4e43-8efd-86cacd956501", "specimen_id": "denisova-3", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature09710", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (verify)", "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Complete mtDNA genome at 58× average coverage; 15,094 identified sequences.", "result_summary_source_quote": "A total of 15,094 sequences were identified which allowed the complete mtDNA genome to be assembled at an average coverage of 58-fold.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "c1795f5c-e1ac-4bc3-9d18-9e7980fbc56f", "specimen_id": "denisova-3", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature09710", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (implied — Pääbo group; verify from paper Methods)", "analysis_date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "1.9× nuclear genome coverage; approximately 5.2 gigabases of DNA sequence; assigned to a novel archaic hominin population (\"Denisovan\"); shares common origin with Neanderthals; contributed 4–6% to present-day Melanesian genomes.", "result_summary_source_quote": "A total of 82,227,320 sequences mapped uniquely (mapping quality ≥30) to the human genome, yielding about 5.2 gigabases of DNA sequences (1.9-fold genomic coverage)", "result_data_link": "(must extract from paper data-availability section; likely EBI/NCBI Trace Archive — pending)", "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "c8507c6a-e1a6-4b6c-a66e-de412a1ea18c", "specimen_id": "denisova-3", "publication_id": "10.1126/science.1224344", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Established the reference Denisovan genome at ~30× coverage using single-strand library method. Enabled all subsequent Denisovan population-genetic inference.", "result_summary_source_quote": "The genomic sequence provides evidence for very low rates of heterozygosity in the Denisova, probably not because of recent inbreeding, but instead because of a small population size.", "result_data_link": "(extract from paper Data Availability — likely SRA/ENA; needs verification)", "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "ce5d8f5a-8f45-4e92-a685-5e66942d47f1", "specimen_id": "denisova-4", "publication_id": "10.1073/pnas.1519905112", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "Here we present nuclear DNA sequences from Denisova 4 and a morphological description... Nuclear DNA sequences from the two molars form a clade with Denisova 3.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:00:21.109Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "8a75f77d-1812-47b0-ab9a-1f1f7cb01a1b", "specimen_id": "denisova-5", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature12886", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "High-coverage (~52-fold) whole-genome sequence of the Altai Neanderthal (Denisova 5). Parents related at half-sibling level; close-relative mating common in recent ancestors.", "result_summary_source_quote": "We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half-siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "pending-verification", "verification_notes": "Analysis row added 2026-07-27 from Prufer 2014 verbatim PubMed abstract. Coverage figure ~52x is field-standard citation; not verified against paper Methods section.", "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:02:47.320Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "00530437-a070-430e-bbfc-0f61afbf3371", "specimen_id": "denisova-5", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature12886", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Complete Neanderthal genome from Denisova Cave. Established parents were related at the level of half-siblings — a landmark finding on Neanderthal population structure. Documented gene flow among Neanderthals, Denisovans, and early modern humans.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": "(extract from paper Data Availability; needs verification)", "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "d4620f75-0c14-42c2-b15e-45121570a900", "specimen_id": "denisova-5", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature16544", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "a population that diverged early from other modern humans in Africa contributed genetically to the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains roughly 100,000 years ago. By contrast, we do not detect such a genetic contribution in the Denisovan or the two European Neanderthals.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:14:57.058Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "4c674f4e-9e58-4724-ac81-4686ba6cd72a", "specimen_id": "denisova-8", "publication_id": "10.1073/pnas.1519905112", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "The mtDNA of Denisova 8 is more diverged and has accumulated fewer substitutions than the mtDNAs of the other two specimens, suggesting Denisovans were present in the region over an extended period.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:00:21.109Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "9cfb22f4-0bea-467e-b056-6d70e18de376", "specimen_id": "feldhofer-1", "publication_id": "10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80310-4", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "First-ever Neanderthal DNA sequence: an unknown mtDNA lineage from the type specimen. Falls outside modern human mtDNA variation; common ancestor with modern human mtDNA estimated at ~4× the age of the modern-human mtDNA MRCA.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:05:18.909Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "065fb4c8-6f63-4350-af11-a12b80a874b5", "specimen_id": "kostenki-14", "publication_id": "10.1126/science.aaa0114", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "We find that Kostenki 14 contains more Neandertal DNA that is contained in longer tracts than present Europeans. Our findings reveal the timing of divergence of western Eurasians and East Asians to be more than 36,200 years ago.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:06:49.092Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "6204548c-6fad-4805-8aca-0e299d3e6366", "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/35006625", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "First mtDNA sequence from a clearly dated Neanderthal; 3.48% divergent from the Feldhofer (Neander Valley) Neanderthal. Phylogenetically places Caucasus + western Germany Neanderthals together in a clade distinct from modern humans. No evidence supporting multiregional hypothesis of modern human evolution.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-27T01:51:42.113Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "902bc130-ab12-4a30-ad11-f95d0513a62f", "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature12886", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Low-coverage nuclear genome of a Caucasus Neanderthal (specimen identity Mezmaiskaya 1 or 2; disambiguation pending Methods-section review).", "result_summary_source_quote": "We also sequenced the genome of a Neanderthal from the Caucasus to low coverage.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "pending-verification", "verification_notes": "Row added 2026-07-27. Abstract does not name the specimen; assigned to mezmaiskaya-1 provisionally. Michael to reconcile against Prufer 2014 Methods section, which distinguishes Mezmaiskaya 1 vs 2.", "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:02:47.320Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "8bd62ad2-a0ab-482a-9a07-96248b75d16e", "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-2", "publication_id": "10.1073/pnas.1018938108", "method": "stratigraphic-association", "dating_method": "radiocarbon-AMS", "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Direct 14C date of 39,700 ± 1,100 14C BP for a late Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal (~39 ka cal BP). Bayesian modeling of 16 ultrafiltered dates from LMP layers agrees. Overturns earlier ~29 ka claim (Ovchinnikov 2000) as likely contamination-driven.", "result_summary_source_quote": "The direct date of the fossil (39,700 ± 1,100 14C BP) is in good agreement with the probability distribution function, indicating at a high level of probability that Neanderthals did not survive at Mezmaiskaya Cave after 39 ka cal BP.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": "38", "age_estimate_upper_ka": "40", "age_estimate_notes": "39,700 ± 1,100 14C BP → ~39 ka cal BP (IntCal09).", "verification_state": "pending-verification", "verification_notes": "Ingested 2026-07-27. Ultrafiltered bone collagen + Bayesian modeling; captured in dating_method as radiocarbon-AMS. method field set to stratigraphic-association (proxy since no chronology-only method enum value exists).", "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:15:05.043Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "efdbbf0e-95bf-47ad-a40b-c4db6b60d960", "specimen_id": "oase-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature14558", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Present-day human contamination in mtDNA fragments estimated at 67% overall (95% CI 65-69%); when restricted to fragments with terminal C-to-T damage patterns, contamination drops to 4% (95% CI 2-9%).", "result_summary_source_quote": "among all mtDNA fragments to be 67% (95% confidence interval 65–69%). When we restrict to mtDNA fragments that carry terminal C-to-T substitutions, the contamination estimate is 4% (95% confidence interval of 2–9%) (Supplementary Note 1).", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T19:35:25.747Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "8bc624ec-f68c-456f-8b41-6dcba254acad", "specimen_id": "oase-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature14558", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Oase 1 has 6-9% Neanderthal ancestry, more than any other modern human sequenced. Three chromosomal segments >50 cM imply a Neanderthal ancestor 4-6 generations back. Does not share more alleles with later Europeans than with East Asians.", "result_summary_source_quote": "We find that on the order of 6-9% of the genome of the Oase individual is derived from Neanderthals, more than any other modern human sequenced to date. Three chromosomal segments of Neanderthal ancestry are over 50 centimorgans in size, indicating that this individual had a Neanderthal ancestor as recently as four to six generations back.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": "37", "age_estimate_upper_ka": "42", "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "pending-verification", "verification_notes": "Row added 2026-07-27 from Fu 2015 verbatim PubMed abstract. Dating range quoted from abstract only.", "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:11:14.118Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "5a2bbadd-028a-4bd1-9d63-806d61cdba15", "specimen_id": "oase-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature14558", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig + Harvard Medical School (David Reich lab)", "analysis_date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Nuclear DNA sequenced via targeted enrichment isolating ~78,055 sites informative about Neanderthal vs. modern-human ancestry; determined ~6–9% Neanderthal ancestry (point estimates 6.0%–9.4%); recent Neanderthal ancestor 4–6 generations back based on ≥50 cM chromosomal segments of Neanderthal ancestry.", "result_summary_source_quote": "we use an enrichment strategy to isolate sites that are informative about its relationship to Neanderthals and present-day humans", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T19:35:25.747Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "ab987e1d-e35e-46a6-b6dd-9168f0b46be3", "specimen_id": "oase-2", "publication_id": "10.1073/pnas.0610538104", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "(see raw markdown)", "result_summary_source_quote": "This unusual mosaic in Oase 2, some of which is paralleled in the Oase 1 mandible, indicates both complex population dynamics as modern humans dispersed into Europe and significant ongoing human evolution once modern humans were established within Europe.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T20:14:57.058Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "37821a4b-8dbf-4ca5-bd5d-5c13667f6591", "specimen_id": "sima-femur-xiii", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature12788", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Near-complete mitochondrial genome (16,302 positions, ~98% of the human mitochondrial reference genome) at 31.6× average coverage; determined that Sima de los Huesos mtDNA shares a common ancestor with Denisovan mtDNAs; age point estimate ~400,000 years (range 0.15–0.64 Myr). GenBank accession KF683087.", "result_summary_source_quote": "This consensus encompasses 16,302 positions or ~98% of the human mitochondrial reference genome, with an average coverage of 31.6", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T19:35:25.747Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "4df6c5f8-c246-4b45-8dd6-4ee044533cd7", "specimen_id": "sima-femur-xiii", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature17405", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Nuclear DNA sequences from Sima specimens cluster with Neanderthals, not Denisovans, indicating the Neanderthal-Denisovan population divergence predates 430,000 years ago.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "1ae168ac-22a9-45be-a96e-fa0a37121906", "specimen_id": "sima-incisor", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature17405", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "mtDNA recovered from one Sima specimen clusters with Denisovan mtDNAs (matching the prior Meyer 2014 Sima femur result), preserving the paradox that Sima nuclear DNA is Neanderthal but mtDNA is Denisovan-like — the paper interprets this as a later mtDNA gene-pool turnover in the Neanderthal lineage.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "ae74ca7b-9589-4896-b297-0d9439c59b3f", "specimen_id": "ust-ishim-1", "publication_id": "10.1038/nature13810", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "High-coverage whole-genome sequence of a ~45 ka modern-human male from western Siberia. Carries similar total Neanderthal ancestry to present-day Eurasians, but the introgressed tracts are substantially longer. Recombination decay on those tracts dates the Neanderthal → modern-human gene flow to 7–13 kyr before this individual lived (~50–60 ka). Provides autosomal, Y-chromosomal, and mitochondrial mutation-rate calibrations.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "afba112e-e7dc-41f0-83a2-93213b57665a", "specimen_id": "vindija-33-19", "publication_id": "10.1126/science.aao1887", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "analysis_date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Second high-coverage Neanderthal genome (first was Denisova 5 / Altai Neanderthal). Female, ~50 ka. Heterozygosity 1.6 differences per 10⁴ bp indicates small population size. Vindija 33.19 is closer to the Neanderthal population that introgressed into modern humans than the Altai Neanderthal is; allows 10–20% more Neanderthal DNA to be identified in present-day non-Africans, including variants affecting LDL, schizophrenia, and other traits.", "result_summary_source_quote": "yielded 30-fold coverage of the approximately 1.8 billion bases of the genome to which such short fragments can be confidently mapped", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "9c55a619-f81d-4abe-859e-648499c00afc", "specimen_id": "vindija-33-26", "publication_id": "10.1126/science.1188021", "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "analysis_date": null, "result_summary": "Near-complete mtDNA sequence at 68.4× average coverage from 24,973 mitochondrial DNA fragments; consensus matches Vi33.16 at all 10 sites where Vi33.16 differs from Vi33.25, indicating maternal relatedness.", "result_summary_source_quote": "From all of the libraries of this bone used for shotgun sequencing, we identified 24,973 mitochondrial DNA fragments, after filtering for PCR duplicates, by mapping against the Neandertal reference mtDNA (AM948965) using a custom alignment program (S3). This mapping produced a near complete mtDNA sequence to an average of 68.4 fold coverage.", "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T19:35:25.747Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "40a36c7c-4041-444d-9a57-ed971ec0a8ad", "specimen_id": "xiahe-mandible", "publication_id": "10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x", "method": "paleoproteomics", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig / University of Copenhagen (verify author affiliations)", "analysis_date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Denisovan-specific amino-acid substitutions identified via mass-spectrometric analysis of dentine proteins. First Denisovan specimen outside Denisova Cave and Baishiya's later cognate specimens.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": "Editorial pass 2026-07-26: method attached from Chen 2019 abstract: \"a Denisovan mandible, identified by ancient protein analysis\" — paleoproteomics.", "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null }, { "id": "44fc9629-5c1e-4c85-aa51-a7be21229202", "specimen_id": "xiahe-mandible", "publication_id": "10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x", "method": null, "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig / University of Copenhagen (verify author affiliations)", "analysis_date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "result_summary": "Denisovan-specific amino-acid substitutions identified via mass-spectrometric analysis of dentine proteins. First Denisovan specimen outside Denisova Cave and Baishiya's later cognate specimens.", "result_summary_source_quote": null, "result_data_link": null, "age_estimate_lower_ka": null, "age_estimate_upper_ka": null, "age_estimate_notes": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": null, "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:17:01.609Z", "coverage_from_abstract": null, "coverage_from_methods": null, "coverage_discrepancy_note": null } ] }