{
  "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.",
  "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license",
  "version": "0.0.12-neon",
  "publication": {
    "id": "10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80310-4",
    "title": "Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans",
    "authors": [
      "Krings, M.",
      "Stone, A.",
      "Schmitz, R.W.",
      "Krainitzki, H.",
      "Stoneking, M.",
      "Pääbo, S."
    ],
    "year": 1997,
    "journal": "Cell",
    "volume": "90",
    "issue": "1",
    "pages": "19-30",
    "publication_date": "1997-07-11T00:00:00.000Z",
    "open_access_url": "(paywalled at Cell/Elsevier; some author-hosted copies exist on ResearchGate but not linked here without verification)",
    "pmc_id": null,
    "pubmed_id": null,
    "abstract": "DNA was extracted from the Neandertal-type specimen found in 1856 in western Germany. By sequencing clones from short overlapping PCR products, a hitherto unknown mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequence was determined. Multiple controls indicate that this sequence is endogenous to the fossil. Sequence comparisons with human mtDNA sequences, as well as phylogenetic analyses, show that the Neandertal sequence falls outside the variation of modern humans. Furthermore, the age of the common ancestor of the Neandertal and modern human mtDNAs is estimated to be four times greater than that of the common ancestor of human mtDNAs. This suggests that Neandertals went extinct without contributing mtDNA to modern humans.",
    "crossref_verified_at": null,
    "verification_state": "draft",
    "verification_notes": "Migrated from ingest file: T5.5_Krings_1997.md",
    "fts_tsv": "'1856':21B 'age':78B 'analys':63B 'ancestor':82B,102B 'clone':27B 'common':81B,101B 'comparison':54B 'contribut':113B 'control':43B 'determin':41B 'dna':2A,10B,38B 'endogen':49B 'estim':91B 'extinct':111B 'extract':12B 'fall':69B 'fossil':52B 'found':19B 'four':94B 'furthermor':76B 'germani':24B 'greater':96B 'h':125C 'hitherto':34B 'human':9A,56B,75B,88B,104B,117B 'indic':44B 'krainitzki':124C 'kring':118C 'm':119C,127C 'mitochondri':36B 'modern':8A,74B,87B,116B 'mt':37B 'mtdna':57B,114B 'mtdnas':89B,105B 'multipl':42B 'neandert':1A,16B,67B,85B,109B 'neandertal-typ':15B 'origin':6A 'outsid':70B 'overlap':30B 'pcr':31B 'phylogenet':62B 'product':32B 'pääbo':128C 'r.w':123C 'schmitz':122C 'sequenc':3A,26B,39B,47B,53B,58B,68B 'short':29B 'show':64B 'specimen':18B 'stone':120C 'stonek':126C 'suggest':107B 'time':95B 'type':17B 'unknown':35B 'variat':72B 'well':60B 'went':110B 'western':23B 'without':112B",
    "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:05:18.909Z",
    "updated_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z",
    "study_type": null
  },
  "specimens": [
    {
      "id": "feldhofer-1",
      "common_name": "Feldhofer 1 (Neanderthal type specimen)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal (type specimen)",
      "assignment_method": null,
      "verification_state": "draft"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": [
    {
      "id": "9cfb22f4-0bea-467e-b056-6d70e18de376",
      "specimen_id": "feldhofer-1",
      "method": "aDNA-mitochondrial",
      "dating_method": null,
      "lab": null,
      "result_summary": "First-ever Neanderthal DNA sequence: an unknown mtDNA lineage from the type specimen. Falls outside modern human mtDNA variation; common ancestor with modern human mtDNA estimated at ~4× the age of the modern-human mtDNA MRCA.",
      "verification_state": "draft"
    }
  ]
}