{ "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.", "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license", "version": "0.0.12-neon", "publication": { "id": "10.1038/nature12886", "title": "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains", "authors": [ "Prüfer, K.", "Racimo, F.", "Patterson, N.", "Jay, F.", "Sankararaman, S.", "Sawyer, S.", "Heinze, A.", "Renaud, G.", "Sudmant, P.H.", "de Filippo, C.", "Li, H.", "Mallick, S.", "Dannemann, M.", "Fu, Q.", "Kircher, M.", "Kuhlwilm, M.", "Lachmann, M.", "Meyer, M.", "Ongyerth, M.", "Siebauer, M.", "Theunert, C.", "Tandon, A.", "Moorjani, P.", "Pickrell, J.", "Mullikin, J.C.", "Vohr, S.H.", "Green, R.E.", "Hellmann, I.", "Johnson, P.L.", "Blanche, H.", "Cann, H.", "Kitzman, J.O.", "Shendure, J.", "Eichler, E.E.", "Lein, E.S.", "Bakken, T.E.", "Golovanova, L.V.", "Doronichev, V.B.", "Shunkov, M.V.", "Derevianko, A.P.", "Viola, B.", "Slatkin, M.", "Reich, D.", "Kelso, J.", "Pääbo, S." ], "year": 2014, "journal": "Nature", "volume": "505", "issue": "7481", "pages": "43-49", "publication_date": "2014-01-02T00:00:00.000Z", "open_access_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4031459/", "pmc_id": null, "pubmed_id": null, "abstract": "We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half-siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neanderthal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neanderthals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high-quality Neanderthal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans.", "crossref_verified_at": null, "verification_state": "draft", "verification_notes": "Migrated from ingest file: T5.4_Prufer_2014.md", "fts_tsv": "'25':79B 'a.p':238C 'addit':126B 'albeit':112B 'allow':133B 'also':53B 'altai':10A 'among':43B,48B,92B,117B 'analysi':67B 'ancestor':51B,153B 'archaic':76B,108B 'avail':75B 'b':240C 'bakken':229C 'becam':143B 'blanch':217C 'c':178C,200C 'cann':219C 'caucasus':62B 'close':44B 'common':47B 'complet':2A 'coverag':65B 'd':244C 'dannemann':183C 'day':82B 'de':176C 'definit':138B 'denisovan':94B,104B,157B 'derevianko':237C 'doronichev':233C 'e.e':226C 'e.s':228C 'earli':96B 'eichler':225C 'establish':136B 'event':90B 'f':161C,165C 'filippo':177C 'fix':144B 'flow':89B,102B 'fu':185C 'g':173C 'gene':88B,101B 'genom':3A,18B,56B,77B,84B,132B 'golovanova':231C 'green':211C 'group':109B,120B 'h':180C,218C,220C 'half':38B 'half-sibl':37B 'heinz':170C 'hellmann':213C 'high':16B,129B 'high-qual':15B,128B 'histori':73B 'hominin':119B 'human':83B,98B,147B 'includ':100B 'interbreed':111B 'j':206C,224C,246C 'j.c':208C 'j.o':222C 'jay':164C 'johnson':215C 'k':159C 'kelso':245C 'kircher':187C 'kitzman':221C 'kuhlwilm':189C 'l.v':232C 'lachmann':191C 'late':123B 'lein':227C 'level':35B 'li':179C 'list':139B 'low':64B,114B 'm':184C,188C,190C,192C,194C,196C,198C,242C 'm.v':236C 'magnitud':115B 'mallick':181C 'mani':118B 'mate':42B 'meyer':193C 'modern':97B,146B 'moorjani':203C 'mountain':11A 'mullikin':207C 'n':163C 'neanderth':7A,22B,59B,93B,131B,155B 'occur':91B,116B 'ongyerth':195C 'p':204C 'p.h':175C 'p.l':216C 'parent':30B 'patterson':162C 'pickrel':205C 'pleistocen':124B 'popul':72B 'possibl':99B 'present':13B,81B 'present-day':80B 'prüfer':158C 'pääbo':247C 'q':186C 'qualiti':17B,130B 'r.e':212C 'racimo':160C 'recent':50B 'reich':243C 'relat':32B,45B 'relationship':70B 'renaud':172C 's.h':210C 'sankararaman':166C 'sawyer':168C 'separ':150B 'sequenc':4A,19B,54B 'sever':87B 'shendur':223C 'show':27B,85B 'shunkov':235C 'siberia':25B 'sibl':39B 'siebauer':197C 'slatkin':241C 'substitut':141B 'sudmant':174C 't.e':230C 'tandon':201C 'theunert':199C 'thus':110B 'unknown':107B 'us':134B 'v.b':234C 'viola':239C 'vohr':209C 'woman':23B", "created_at": "2026-07-26T18:01:51.160Z", "updated_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z", "study_type": null }, "specimens": [ { "id": "denisova-5", "common_name": "Altai Neanderthal / Denisova 5", "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal", "assignment_method": "aDNA-nuclear", "verification_state": "pending-verification" } ], "analyses": [ { "id": "00530437-a070-430e-bbfc-0f61afbf3371", "specimen_id": "denisova-5", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig", "result_summary": "Complete Neanderthal genome from Denisova Cave. Established parents were related at the level of half-siblings — a landmark finding on Neanderthal population structure. Documented gene flow among Neanderthals, Denisovans, and early modern humans.", "verification_state": "draft" }, { "id": "8a75f77d-1812-47b0-ab9a-1f1f7cb01a1b", "specimen_id": "denisova-5", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "result_summary": "High-coverage (~52-fold) whole-genome sequence of the Altai Neanderthal (Denisova 5). Parents related at half-sibling level; close-relative mating common in recent ancestors.", "verification_state": "pending-verification" }, { "id": "902bc130-ab12-4a30-ad11-f95d0513a62f", "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-1", "method": "aDNA-nuclear", "dating_method": null, "lab": null, "result_summary": "Low-coverage nuclear genome of a Caucasus Neanderthal (specimen identity Mezmaiskaya 1 or 2; disambiguation pending Methods-section review).", "verification_state": "pending-verification" } ] }