{
  "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.",
  "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license",
  "version": "0.0.12-neon",
  "publication": {
    "id": "10.1038/nature13810",
    "title": "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia",
    "authors": [
      "Fu, Q.",
      "Li, H.",
      "Moorjani, P.",
      "Jay, F.",
      "Slepchenko, S.M.",
      "Bondarev, A.A.",
      "Johnson, P.L.",
      "Aximu-Petri, A.",
      "Prüfer, K.",
      "de Filippo, C.",
      "Meyer, M.",
      "Zwyns, N.",
      "Salazar-García, D.C.",
      "Kuzmin, Y.V.",
      "Keates, S.G.",
      "Kosintsev, P.A.",
      "Razhev, D.I.",
      "Richards, M.P.",
      "Peristov, N.V.",
      "Lachmann, M.",
      "Douka, K.",
      "Higham, T.F.",
      "Slatkin, M.",
      "Hublin, J.J.",
      "Reich, D.",
      "Kelso, J.",
      "Viola, T.B.",
      "Pääbo, S."
    ],
    "year": 2014,
    "journal": "Nature",
    "volume": "514",
    "issue": "7523",
    "pages": "445-449",
    "publication_date": "2014-10-23T00:00:00.000Z",
    "open_access_url": "(paywalled at Nature; some PMC deposit expected but not verified in this ingest)",
    "pmc_id": null,
    "pubmed_id": null,
    "abstract": "We present the high-quality genome sequence of a ∼45,000-year-old modern human male from Siberia. This individual derives from a population that lived before—or simultaneously with—the separation of the populations in western and eastern Eurasia and carries a similar amount of Neanderthal ancestry as present-day Eurasians. However, the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are substantially longer than those observed in present-day individuals, indicating that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred 7,000–13,000 years before he lived. We estimate an autosomal mutation rate of 0.4 × 10⁻⁹ to 0.6 × 10⁻⁹ per site per year, a Y chromosomal mutation rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁹ to 0.9 × 10⁻⁹ per site per year based on the additional substitutions that have occurred in present-day non-Africans compared to this genome, and a mitochondrial mutation rate of 1.8 × 10⁻⁸ to 3.2 × 10⁻⁸ per site per year based on the age of the bone.",
    "crossref_verified_at": null,
    "verification_state": "draft",
    "verification_notes": "Migrated from ingest file: T5.8_Fu_2014.md",
    "fts_tsv": "'0.4':115B '0.6':118B '0.7':130B '0.9':133B '000':6A,26B,101B,103B '1.8':164B '10':116B,119B,131B,134B,165B,168B '13':102B '3.2':167B '45':5A,25B '7':100B 'a.a':191C 'addit':142B 'african':153B 'age':176B 'amount':61B 'ancestor':95B 'ancestri':64B,76B 'autosom':111B 'aximu':195C 'aximu-petri':194C 'base':139B,173B 'bondarev':190C 'bone':179B 'c':202C 'carri':58B 'chromosom':126B 'compar':154B 'd':234C 'd.c':210C 'd.i':218C 'day':68B,86B,150B 'de':200C 'deriv':37B 'douka':225C 'eastern':55B 'estim':109B 'eurasia':56B 'eurasian':69B 'f':187C 'filippo':201C 'flow':92B 'fu':180C 'garcía':209C 'gene':91B 'genom':1A,21B,72B,157B 'h':183C 'high':19B 'high-qual':18B 'higham':227C 'howev':70B 'hublin':231C 'human':11A,31B 'indic':88B 'individu':36B,87B,98B 'j':236C 'j.j':232C 'jay':186C 'johnson':192C 'k':199C,226C 'keat':213C 'kelso':235C 'kosintsev':215C 'kuzmin':211C 'lachmann':223C 'li':182C 'live':42B,107B 'longer':79B 'm':204C,224C,230C 'm.p':220C 'male':32B 'meyer':203C 'mitochondri':160B 'modern':10A,30B 'moorjani':184C 'mutat':112B,127B,161B 'n':206C 'n.v':222C 'neanderth':63B,75B,90B 'non':152B 'non-african':151B 'observ':82B 'occur':99B,146B 'old':9A,29B 'p':185C 'p.a':216C 'p.l':193C 'per':120B,122B,135B,137B,169B,171B 'peristov':221C 'petri':196C 'popul':40B,51B 'present':16B,67B,85B,149B 'present-day':66B,84B,148B 'prüfer':198C 'pääbo':239C 'q':181C 'qualiti':20B 'rate':113B,128B,162B 'razhev':217C 'reich':233C 'richard':219C 's.g':214C 's.m':189C 'salazar':208C 'salazar-garcía':207C 'segment':73B 'separ':48B 'sequenc':2A,22B 'siberia':14A,34B 'similar':60B 'simultan':45B 'site':121B,136B,170B 'slatkin':229C 'slepchenko':188C 'substanti':78B 'substitut':143B 't.b':238C 't.f':228C 'viola':237C 'western':13A,53B 'y':125B 'y.v':212C 'year':8A,28B,104B,123B,138B,172B 'year-old':7A,27B 'zwyn':205C",
    "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z",
    "updated_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z",
    "study_type": null
  },
  "specimens": [
    {
      "id": "ust-ishim-1",
      "common_name": "Ust'-Ishim man (~45 ka anatomically modern human male, western Siberia)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Anatomically modern human (Homo sapiens)",
      "assignment_method": "aDNA-nuclear",
      "verification_state": "draft"
    }
  ],
  "analyses": [
    {
      "id": "ae74ca7b-9589-4896-b297-0d9439c59b3f",
      "specimen_id": "ust-ishim-1",
      "method": "aDNA-nuclear",
      "dating_method": null,
      "lab": null,
      "result_summary": "High-coverage whole-genome sequence of a ~45 ka modern-human male from western Siberia. Carries similar total Neanderthal ancestry to present-day Eurasians, but the introgressed tracts are substantially longer. Recombination decay on those tracts dates the Neanderthal → modern-human gene flow to 7–13 kyr before this individual lived (~50–60 ka). Provides autosomal, Y-chromosomal, and mitochondrial mutation-rate calibrations.",
      "verification_state": "draft"
    }
  ]
}