{
  "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.",
  "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license",
  "version": "0.0.12-neon",
  "publication": {
    "id": "10.1073/pnas.1018938108",
    "title": "Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus",
    "authors": [
      "Pinhasi, R.",
      "Higham, T.F.",
      "Golovanova, L.V.",
      "Doronichev, V.B."
    ],
    "year": 2011,
    "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)",
    "volume": "108",
    "issue": "21",
    "pages": "8611-8616",
    "publication_date": "2011-05-24T00:00:00.000Z",
    "open_access_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3102382/",
    "pmc_id": null,
    "pubmed_id": null,
    "abstract": "Advances in direct radiocarbon dating of Neanderthal and anatomically modern human (AMH) fossils and the development of archaeostratigraphic chronologies now allow refined regional models for Neanderthal–AMH coexistence. In addition, they allow us to explore the issue of late Neanderthal survival in regions of Western Eurasia located within early routes of AMH expansion such as the Caucasus. Here we report the direct radiocarbon (14C) dating of a late Neanderthal specimen from a Late Middle Paleolithic (LMP) layer in Mezmaiskaya Cave, northern Caucasus. Additionally, we provide a more accurate chronology for the timing of Neanderthal extinction in the region through a robust series of 16 ultrafiltered bone collagen radiocarbon dates from LMP layers and using Bayesian modeling to produce a boundary probability distribution function corresponding to the end of the LMP at Mezmaiskaya. The direct date of the fossil (39,700 ± 1,100 14C BP) is in good agreement with the probability distribution function, indicating at a high level of probability that Neanderthals did not survive at Mezmaiskaya Cave after 39 ka cal BP...",
    "crossref_verified_at": null,
    "verification_state": "draft",
    "verification_notes": "Migrated from ingest file: T5.7_Pinhasi_2011.md",
    "fts_tsv": "'1':158B '100':159B '14c':81B,160B '16':121B '39':156B,187B '700':157B 'accur':105B 'addit':47B,100B 'advanc':18B 'age':2A 'agreement':165B 'allow':38B,49B 'amh':29B,44B,69B 'anatom':26B 'archaeostratigraph':35B 'bayesian':132B 'bone':123B 'boundari':137B 'bp':161B,190B 'cal':189B 'caucasus':17A,74B,99B 'cave':97B,185B 'chronolog':36B,106B 'coexist':45B 'collagen':124B 'correspond':141B 'date':22B,82B,126B,152B 'develop':33B 'direct':20B,79B,151B 'distribut':139B,169B 'doronichev':197C 'earli':66B 'end':9A,144B 'eurasia':63B 'expans':70B 'explor':52B 'extinct':112B 'fossil':30B,155B 'function':140B,170B 'golovanova':195C 'good':164B 'high':174B 'higham':193C 'human':28B 'indic':171B 'issu':54B 'ka':188B 'l.v':196C 'late':4A,56B,85B,90B 'layer':94B,129B 'level':175B 'lmp':93B,128B,147B 'locat':64B 'mezmaiskaya':96B,149B,184B 'middl':12A,91B 'model':41B,133B 'modern':27B 'neanderth':5A,24B,43B,57B,86B,111B,179B 'northern':16A,98B 'occup':6A 'paleolith':13A,92B 'pinhasi':191C 'probabl':138B,168B,177B 'produc':135B 'provid':102B 'r':192C 'radiocarbon':21B,80B,125B 'refin':39B 'region':40B,60B,115B 'report':77B 'revis':1A 'robust':118B 'rout':67B 'seri':119B 'specimen':87B 'surviv':58B,182B 't.f':194C 'time':109B 'ultrafilt':122B 'us':50B 'use':131B 'v.b':198C 'western':62B 'within':65B",
    "created_at": "2026-07-27T02:14:31.029Z",
    "updated_at": "2026-07-27T02:16:42.538Z",
    "study_type": null
  },
  "specimens": [],
  "analyses": [
    {
      "id": "8bd62ad2-a0ab-482a-9a07-96248b75d16e",
      "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-2",
      "method": "stratigraphic-association",
      "dating_method": "radiocarbon-AMS",
      "lab": null,
      "result_summary": "Direct 14C date of 39,700 ± 1,100 14C BP for a late Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal (~39 ka cal BP). Bayesian modeling of 16 ultrafiltered dates from LMP layers agrees. Overturns earlier ~29 ka claim (Ovchinnikov 2000) as likely contamination-driven.",
      "verification_state": "pending-verification"
    }
  ]
}