{
  "citation": "Specimen Registry v0.0.7 (2026). Maintained by Michael Gonzalez with AI assistance. https://specimenregistry.org. Data licensed under CC BY 4.0.",
  "license": "https://specimenregistry.org/license",
  "version": "0.0.12-neon",
  "count": 32,
  "timeline": [
    {
      "specimen_id": "feldhofer-1",
      "common_name": "Feldhofer 1 (Neanderthal type specimen)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal (type specimen)",
      "site_id": "feldhofer-cave",
      "site_name": "Feldhofer Cave",
      "earliest_year": 1997,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80310-4"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-1",
      "common_name": "Mezmaiskaya 1",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "mezmaiskaya-cave",
      "site_name": "Mezmaiskaya Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2000,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/35006625",
        "10.1038/nature12886"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "oase-2",
      "common_name": "Oase 2",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Early modern human (Homo sapiens)",
      "site_id": "pestera-cu-oase",
      "site_name": "Peştera cu Oase",
      "earliest_year": 2007,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1073/pnas.0610538104"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-3",
      "common_name": "Denisova 3",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2010,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005",
        "10.1038/nature09710",
        "10.1126/science.1224344"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "vindija-33-26",
      "common_name": "Vindija 33.26",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "vindija-cave",
      "site_name": "Vindija Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2010,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1126/science.1188021"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "mezmaiskaya-2",
      "common_name": "Mezmaiskaya 2",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "mezmaiskaya-cave",
      "site_name": "Mezmaiskaya Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2011,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1073/pnas.1018938108"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-5",
      "common_name": "Altai Neanderthal / Denisova 5",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2014,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/nature12886",
        "10.1038/nature16544"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "kostenki-14",
      "common_name": "Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Homo sapiens (anatomically modern)",
      "site_id": "kostenki-markina-gora",
      "site_name": "Kostenki Markina Gora",
      "earliest_year": 2014,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1126/science.aaa0114"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "sima-femur-xiii",
      "common_name": "Sima de los Huesos femur (nuclear-DNA-yielding specimen #1)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "early Neanderthal lineage (Middle Pleistocene)",
      "site_id": "sima-de-los-huesos",
      "site_name": "Sima de los Huesos",
      "earliest_year": 2014,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/nature12788",
        "10.1038/nature17405"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "ust-ishim-1",
      "common_name": "Ust'-Ishim man (~45 ka anatomically modern human male, western Siberia)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Anatomically modern human (Homo sapiens)",
      "site_id": "ust-ishim-locality",
      "site_name": "Ust Ishim Locality",
      "earliest_year": 2014,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/nature13810"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-4",
      "common_name": "Denisova 4",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2015,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1073/pnas.1519905112"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-8",
      "common_name": "Denisova 8",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2015,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1073/pnas.1519905112"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "oase-1",
      "common_name": "Oase 1",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "modern human (Homo sapiens) with recent Neanderthal admixture",
      "site_id": "pestera-cu-oase",
      "site_name": "Peştera cu Oase",
      "earliest_year": 2015,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/nature14558"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-11",
      "common_name": "Denisova 11",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal-Denisovan F1 hybrid",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2016,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x",
        "10.1038/srep23559"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "sima-incisor",
      "common_name": "Sima de los Huesos incisor (nuclear-DNA-yielding specimen #2)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "early Neanderthal lineage (Middle Pleistocene)",
      "site_id": "sima-de-los-huesos",
      "site_name": "Sima de los Huesos",
      "earliest_year": 2016,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/nature17405"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-2",
      "common_name": "Denisova 2",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2017,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1126/sciadv.1700186"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "vindija-33-19",
      "common_name": "Vindija 33.19",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "vindija-cave",
      "site_name": "Vindija Cave",
      "earliest_year": 2017,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1126/science.aao1887"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "xiahe-mandible",
      "common_name": "Xiahe mandible",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan",
      "site_id": "baishiya-karst-cave",
      "site_name": "baishiya-karst-cave",
      "earliest_year": 2019,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "chagyrskaya-8",
      "common_name": "Chagyrskaya 8",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "chagyrskaya-cave",
      "site_name": "chagyrskaya-cave",
      "earliest_year": 2020,
      "publication_ids": [
        "10.1073/pnas.2004944117"
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-13",
      "common_name": "Denisova 13",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Denisovan (implied from context — grouping with other Denisovan mentions)",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-14",
      "common_name": "Denisova 14",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "unspecified",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-15",
      "common_name": "Denisova 15",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "unspecified",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "denisova-16",
      "common_name": "Denisova 16",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "unspecified",
      "site_id": "denisova-cave",
      "site_name": "Denisova Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "goyet-q56-1",
      "common_name": "Goyet Q56-1",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "goyet-troisieme-caverne",
      "site_name": "Goyet Troisieme Caverne",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "hohlenstein-stadel-neanderthal",
      "common_name": "Hohlenstein-Stadel Neanderthal",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "early Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "hohlenstein-stadel-cave",
      "site_name": "Hohlenstein Stadel Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "les-cottes-z4-1514",
      "common_name": "Les Cottés Z4-1514",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "les-cottes-cave",
      "site_name": "Les Cottes Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "scladina-i-4a",
      "common_name": "Scladina I-4A",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "early Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "scladina-cave",
      "site_name": "Scladina Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "sidron-cr21",
      "common_name": "El Sidrón Neanderthal (chr21)",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "el-sidron-cave",
      "site_name": "El Sidron Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "spy-94a",
      "common_name": "Spy 94a",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "spy-cave",
      "site_name": "Spy Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "vindija-33-16",
      "common_name": "Vindija 33.16",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "vindija-cave",
      "site_name": "Vindija Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "vindija-33-25",
      "common_name": "Vindija 33.25",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "vindija-cave",
      "site_name": "Vindija Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    },
    {
      "specimen_id": "vindija-87",
      "common_name": "Vindija 87",
      "taxonomic_assignment": "Neanderthal",
      "site_id": "vindija-cave",
      "site_name": "Vindija Cave",
      "earliest_year": null,
      "publication_ids": [
        null
      ]
    }
  ],
  "note": "earliest_year = MIN(publication.year) of any analysis linking to the specimen. Specimens with no analysis link are ordered last (year=null)."
}